Journal: Biology of Sex Differences

Article Title: Sex differences in disease severity and immune responses in murine and human inflammatory arthritis

doi: 10.1186/s13293-026-00840-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Upregulated cytokine/chemokines profiles show a male bias in serum and female bias in joint tissues. On day 29 after the first CII challenge, mice were euthanized. Serum and joint tissue lysates were collected. A panel of 44 cytokines and chemokines were evaluated in the serum and joint tissue lysate samples using mouse cytokine/chemokine 44-plex discovery assay array (MD44). The volcano plot analysis of (A) serum and (C) joint tissue was performed with Log 2 fold-change (CIA-Saline) values. The red dots indicate higher in females, blue dots indicate higher in males and gray dots indicate unchanged values. The heatmap analysis performed with Log 2 fold-change (CIA-Saline) values on the selected (based on the volcano plot analysis) cytokine/chemokine in (B) serum (D) joint tissue showed the differential abundance of cytokine and chemokines in male and female mice. Cytokine and chemokine profiles of CIA mice were represented as Log 2 values normalized to respective saline group with spread across the scale of − 1.5 to + 1.5-fold (blue to red). N = 5 mice per group. One of two independent experiments

Article Snippet: A panel of 44 cytokines and chemokines were quantified in serum and joint tissue lysates using the Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine 44-Plex Discovery Assay ® Array (MD44), a Luminex-based assay platform (Eve Technologies Corporation, Calgary, AB).

Techniques: Saline